ART AND CULTURE.
The story of the Crystal Palace: the glass palace of the first World's Fair
In 1851, the first World's Fair in history was held in London (today it is called Expo, like the one in Milan in 2015). For the occasion it was erected in one of the central areas of the British capital, namely Hyde Park, the Crystal Palace, which was intended to host this exhibition.
A palace completely erected in glass and iron, it was one of the first prefabs of modern architecture, intended to be built in a very short time, dismantled after use and to be relocated to another part of the city.
A fire totally destroyed it in the 1930s, but it is still remembered as one of the most innovative and incredible buildings in history. We want to tell you more about this construction that no longer belongs to this world.
The story of the Crystal Palace: the glass palace of the first World's Fair
In 1851, the first World's Fair in history was held in London (today it is called Expo, like the one in Milan in 2015). For the occasion it was erected in one of the central areas of the British capital, namely Hyde Park, the Crystal Palace, which was intended to host such an exhibition. A palace completely erected in glass and iron, it was one of the first prefabs of modern architecture, intended to be built in a very short time, dismantled after use and be relocated to another part of the city. A fire totally destroyed it in the 1930s, but it is still remembered as one of the most innovative and incredible buildings in history. We want to tell you more about this construction that no longer belongs to this world.
The idea of the Crystal Palace
In 1850, Prince Albert promoted the world's first World's Fair. For the occasion, it was decided to construct a building in Hyde Park, in the heart of London. However, a permanent building could not be constructed in such an area, so the problem was to find a way to assemble and dismantle such a construction in a short time, the general idea being to use glass and iron. The winning idea came from a greenhouse builder, Joseph Paxton: with his help, the first real prefabricated building was conceived, which could be built in just four months, and then demolished and rebuilt in another area using the materials already present. Paxton's plan was approved on 15 July 1850 and on 1 May 1851 the building was inaugurated on a sunny day.
The "news" of the Crystal Palace
The building itself was a square with a side of 24 feet (about 7.3 m). The plan of the main part of the building included 77x17 of these units. It reached a total area of 84,000 m². The innovations concerned the use of materials and designs. The use of iron supports was intended to completely dispense with large pillars and load-bearing walls, and thus almost the entire exterior surface could be built of glass. In addition, the use of prefabricated elements in series greatly facilitated the application of the concept, including the design of a subsequent reconstruction in another part of London.
How the World's Fair was supposed to be
This must have been, more or less, the original appearance of the interior of the Criystal Palace during the Great Exhibition of 1851. This is an original artwork: from Dickinsons' Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition. Inside, of course, there was not only glass and iron, but also a lot of electrical wires and especially wood. Both were fatal in the fire that destroyed the place.
The early stages of the construction of the Crystal Palace
This must have been what the Crystal Palace looked like in the early stages of its construction in the latter part of the 1850s. The original design was modified during construction to safeguard some elements already present in the area, such as some very old elms. The new structure exploits the free space structure, a new way of iron architecture, to increase space and volume inside. In addition, the glass walls tend to eliminate the distance between inside and outside.
Other uses of the Crystal Palace
Photo: an observation airship inside the Crystal Palace, 1920 War Museum. Rebuilt in 1852 on Sydenham Hill, another part of the city, it was used for a wide variety of purposes. Many sporting events took place inside (there is still a football team, Crystal Palace FC, which plays in the Premier League). This building also hosted one of the first dinosaur exhibitions. A railway station was also built nearby, to facilitate access for tourists and citizens. During WWI it was used by the Navy, before hosting television studios.
The destruction of the Crystal Palace
On the evening of 30 November 1936, a terrifying fire completely destroyed the building. At the time, iron and glass buildings were very prone to this kind of end. In this beautiful archive photograph, some firefighters work to put out the flames on 1 December, the day after the fire started.
The causes of the Crystal Palace fire
There has never been an official enquiry into the cause of the fire at Crystal Palace. The most likely hypothesis is that of an electrical short circuit, which was very common at the time. The wooden parts inside the building, such as the furniture but also the floor, only accelerated the burning process. In addition, it appears that there were some temporary wooden panels instead of glass, which, as they burned, would have fanned the wind into the burning structure, fuelling the fire until the area was completely destroyed.
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